Why teams need this
Projects usually go wrong at the start, not the finish. Scope is vague, nobody owns the risks, and dependencies surface late. Status reports then stay "green" until they turn "red". Flyvbjerg and Budzier studied 1,471 IT projects: the average cost overrun was 27%, but one in six was a "black swan" with a 200% cost overrun and a schedule overrun of almost 70%. PMI's 2018 Pulse of the Profession found 9.9% of every dollar invested is wasted, down from 13.5% in 2013. A Malaysian example: the Auditor-General reported that a PPR housing project in Sibu (original cost RM99.17 million) was delayed 1,120 days. The causes were the contractor's management and financial issues and an unresolved transfer of private land ownership (The Star, 15 October 2024).
